Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases: Epidemiology, Climate-Driven Transmission Dynamics, and Integrated Control Strategies
AfriSci Journal of Arts and Humanities · ISSN 3079-4730
DOI: https://doi.org/10.67418/afrisci.2026.2af85373
Published: 2026-06-29
Abstract
Background: Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) represent among the most epidemiologically significant arthropod disease vectors globally, responsible for transmission of diverse bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens affecting both human and animal health. Climate-driven alterations in tick distribution and phenology, combined with anthropogenic landscape modifications, have substantially expanded the geographic range and burden of tick-borne diseases across multiple continents. Mechanisms and drivers: This review examines the complex biological and ecological factors determining tick distribution and disease transmission, including environmental temperature and humidity regimes, wildlife and livestock host availability, and anthropogenic activities facilitating tick dispersal. The role of climate change in expanding tick habitat suitability and accelerating parasite development rates is critically evaluated, with particular attention to expanding Ixodes ricinus populations in northern Europe and comparable ecological range expansions in other temperate regions. Prevention and control: Sustainable reduction of tick-borne disease burden requires integrated approaches combining individual protective measures, environmental management, vector control, livestock immunisation, and disease surveillance. Evidence-based recommendations for personal protection, residential tick management, and animal health interventions are presented with emphasis on implementation feasibility in both developed and resource-limited settings. Conclusions: Addressing the expanding threat of tick-borne diseases requires coordinated international efforts integrating public health, veterinary science, and environmental stewardship within a "One Health" framework that recognises the fundamental interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health. Keywords: ticks, Ixodes, vector-borne diseases, Lyme disease, climate change, disease surveillance, integrated pest management, One Health
Keywords: ticks, Ixodes, vector-borne diseases, Lyme disease, climate change, disease surveillance, integrated pest management, One Health